Method and Apparatus for H(e)NB Integrity Verification and Validation

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method for providing home evolved node-B (H(e)NB) integrity verification and validation using autonomous validation and semi-autonomous validation is disclosed herein.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/000,440, filed Jan. 19, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/718,572, filed Mar. 5, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No.9,253,643, and further claims the benefit of U.S. provisionalapplication No. 61/157,833 filed on Mar. 5, 2009; U.S. provisionalapplication No. 61/222,067 filed Jun. 30, 2009; U.S. provisionalapplication No. 61/235,793 filed Aug. 21, 2009; and U.S. provisionalapplication No. 61/239,698 filed Sep. 3, 2009, all of the above of whichare incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Thisapplication is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/718,480,filed Mar. 5, 2010 concurrently, and entitled “Platform Validation andManagement of Wireless Devices”, which is incorporated by reference asif fully set forth herein.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This application is related to communications.

BACKGROUND

Home evolved node B (H(e)NB), known also as femtocells, are small,portable access points to 3G networks which are generally placed on thepremises or in the homes of stakeholders called a Hosting Party (HP).The H(e)NB becomes a mediator for mobile communication and services in asmall, designated geographic area. The H(e)NB may be used to providemobile services in hitherto inaccessible areas (due to bad radioconditions) such as in-house or factory environments. It is also anoption for private households and the small office home office (SOHO)sector as a H(e)NB may be a unified access point to broadband Internetand mobile networks.

This application may pose specific security requirements. For example,these devices are i) no longer considered as closed, immutableenvironments for the storage and handling of sensitive data, as mobilehandsets have been traditionally viewed; and ii) these special devicesare typically not under the direct physical control of the mobilenetwork operator (MNO), who as the H(e)NB's main stakeholder operatesthe H(e)NB to provide services to the users of mobile communicationsterminals, and iii) these devices are in general are connected to thecore network over an insecure link and in ways that may be intermittentrather than continuous.

Existing or standardized technology of mobile communication networks maynot provide methods for the network to fully consider that the H(e)NBthat it operates would be trustworthy even if the H(e)NB passes thetraditional authentication steps. What is needed, then, is a method thathelps the MNO to authenticate as well as validate the trustworthiness,i.e., the integrity, of devices and to manage and provision suchdevices.

SUMMARY

An apparatus and method for providing home evolved node-B (H(e)NB)integrity validation using autonomous validation and semi-autonomousvalidation is disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description,given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawingswherein:

FIG. 1 shows an example organization of modules, functionality andcomponents;

FIG. 2 shows an example organization of components and functionality;

FIG. 3 shows an example TR069 architecture for software downloadingprovisioning;

FIG. 4 shows an example of basic integrity measurement and reporting;

FIG. 5 shows an example of integrity reports and reference materials;

FIG. 6 shows an example of comparison of validation reports withreference manifests;

FIG. 7 shows an example of component information in a referencemanifest;

FIG. 8 shows an example of a certificate management architecture;

FIG. 9 shows an example of a reconfiguration of home evolved-NodeB(H(e)NB) (H(e)MS);

FIG. 10 shows an example of autonomous validation (AuV) remediation;

FIG. 11 shows an example of a file package format;

FIG. 12 shows an example network architecture of a semi-autonomousvalidation (SAV);

FIGS. 13A and 13B show an example flowchart for SAV procedures;

FIG. 14 shows an example flowchart for SAV remediation;

FIG. 15 illustrates example results of an integrity check;

FIG. 16 shows example lists of failed functionalities;

FIG. 17A is a block diagram showing an example set of entities and theirrelationships and interfaces for platform validation and management(PVM);

FIG. 17B is a block diagram showing another example set of entities andtheir relationships and interfaces for PVM;

FIGS. 18A, 18B and 18C are a signal diagram of an example method ofvalidation using a platform validation entity;

FIG. 19 shows a Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless communicationsystem/access network; and

FIG. 20 is an exemplary block diagram of an LTE wireless communicationsystem.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

When referred to hereafter, the terminology “wireless transmit/receiveunit (WTRU)” includes but is not limited to a user equipment (UE), amobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellulartelephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a computer, or any othertype of device capable of operating in a wireless environment. Whenreferred to hereafter, the terminology “base station” includes but isnot limited to a Node-B, a site controller, an access point (AP), agateway, a customer premise equipment (CPE), or any other type ofinterfacing device capable of operating in a wireless or wirelineenvironment. When referred to hereafter, the terminology “HMS” includes,but is not limited to, a Home NodeB Management System (HMS), HomeEnhanced-NodeB Management System (HeMS), where the two may becollectively referred to as H(e)MS, a Device Management System (DMS), aConfiguration Server (CS), an Auto Configuration Server (ACS), or anyother type of system that manages configuration or functionality of a“base station”. The terms “WTRU” and “base station” are not mutuallyexclusive. For example, a WTRU may be an enhanced Home Node-B (H(e)NB).When referred to hereafter, the term “information-theoretically secure”includes but is not limited to perfectly secure, unconditionally secure,and nearly information-theoretically secure. When referred to hereafter,the terms “trust”, “trusted”, and “trustworthy”, as well as variationsthereof, indicate a quantifiable and observable manner of assessingwhether a unit will function in a particular manner.

Described herein is an apparatus and method for providing home evolvednode-B (H(e)NB) integrity verification and validation using autonomousvalidation (AuV) and semi-autonomous validation (SAV). Described aredetails common to AuV and SAV, followed by implementation details withrespect to AuV and SAV.

Methods for determining the Trusted Reference Values (TRV) used in thevalidation methods are described herein. Device integrity checking is aprocedure that is common to validation methods. For device integritychecking, a set of TRVs are needed so that measurements made ofcomponents may be checked for their integrity. It may be desirable thatsuch integrity checking of components should be done before componentsare loaded. It may also be desired that such TRVs may be authenticatedand ensured of integrity by themselves before they are used.

In order to perform the integrity checks and provide and generate TRVs,different integrity check methods may be used. For example, methods forgenerating TRVs corresponding to a code may include digital signaturemethods, hash based message authentication codes or encryption basedmessage authentication codes may be considered.

Described herein are digital signature methods. Digital signaturemethods may use public key cryptography. A H(e)NB may digitally sign thehash (or check-word, in general) of the module by encrypting thecheck-word using its private key. The encrypted check-word may then besent to a platform validation entity (PVE) where it may be decrypted bythe public key of the H(e)NB and compared to the TRVs. For localintegrity checks, the reference integrity checks may be signed by themanufacturer and verified locally within the H(e)NB. As non-limitingexamples, Table 1 identifies some digital signature methods.

TABLE 1 Min Key Name Type Characteristics Size Digital FIPS 186-2digital Digital signature based 1024 bits Signature signature on SHA-1hash. No Standard patents, no licenses. US Federal Government exportcontrol applies RSA Digital RSA digital Previously 1024 bits Signaturesignature patented.(expired (FIPS approved) 2000) Elliptic Ellipticcurve digital Technology based on  160 bits Curve signature ellipticcurve key Digital technology. Signature

Described herein are hash algorithms and hash-based messageauthentication codes. Hashing is a one-way or nearly one-way functionthat produces unique (or nearly unique) and non-reversible (or nearlynon-reversible) summary of its input. Digital signatures in many casesis nothing more than an encrypted hash. While digital signature methodsmay use public/private key pairs, message authentication codes (MACs)may use a shared secret key. A check-word may be created over the modulewith an embedded secret key (concatenated module and key). Asnon-limiting examples, Table 2 identifies some hash algorithms as wellas hash-based message authentication code methods.

TABLE 2 Name Type Characteristics Min Key Size SHA-1, SHA-256, Hashalgorithm FIPS approved 160, 256, 512 bits SHA-512 Universal MessageHash based MAC Fastest hash-based 32, 64, 96 bits Authentication codealgorithm RACE integrity Hash algorithm EC's R&D in Europe 160 bitsPrimitives Evaluation Message Digest - 160 TIGER(2) Hash algorithmDesigned for efficient 192 bits operation on 64 bit platformsHMAC-SHA1-96 Hash based MAC Uses SHA-1 for hash 96 bits WHIRLPOOL Hashbased MAC Not Patented. 512 bits

Described herein are encryption based message authentication codes. Acheck-word may be created by a hash algorithm and then encrypted byusing the secret key. As non-limiting examples, Table 3 identifies someencryption based message authentication code methods.

TABLE 3 Name Type Characteristics Min Key Size DES- Cryptographic MACDES based 64 bits CBC- MAC CMAC Cryptographic MAC Encryption based MAC64, 128, 192, using symmetric key 256 block cipher algorithm CCMCryptographic MAC Uses cipher block 128, 192, 256 chaining with countermode encryption

Integrity metrics are the digests (e.g., cryptographic hash values)generated by the execution of the integrity methods on the softwarecomponents. Components are considered herein as the smallest possiblequanta of integrity checking. Individual binary executable orpre-executable files are examples of components. Modules, on the otherhand, are considered herein as the smallest quanta whereby themanufacturer of the software packages, certifies, and delivers. For theremainder of this description, consider in general and as shown in FIG.1, that 1) a component may always consist of one or more modules, and 2)any one module appears only once in a component (i.e., one module cannotappear in two components). For supporting device integrity checks andvalidation in AuV and SAV, the list of software modules and theirassociated attributes, such as the reference integrity metrics (RIM)that correspond to the module, severity, and other information may haveto be provided. The reference integrity metric (RIM) serves as referencevalues for the integrity of individual module. In the case of AuV, thelist may be generated by the manufacturer and stored securely in thedevice and in the case of SAV, the list may be generated by themanufacturer and provided to the platform validation entity (PVE) (allmodules) and also provisioned to the H(e)NB (for stage 1 and stage 2modules in a multi-stage start up implementation). Since how thesoftware modules are organized, structured, or stored, as well as whatkind of such modules may exist on the device may depend on the H(e)NBimplementation, a common specification language may be used to specifythe modules and their attributes.

For example, extensible mark-up language (XML) and Abstract SyntaxNotation One (ASN.1) based methods may be used for implementing a commonspecification language. A device configuration data sheet contains thelist of software modules and the various attributes associated with themodules. It may also specify the classification of modules intocomponents and functionalities.

Described herein is a XML based specification of the software moduleattributes that may provide a common, portable language to specify thecomponents and/or modules of H(e)NB and the associated attributes. Inorder to provide the information in a portable way and in an H(e)NBarchitecture-agnostic way, a language that specifies the modules has tobe evolved. The language can be similar to the XML language whichcontains an XML schema and XML documents. The format and the variousattributes of a module may be standardized and every manufacturerprovides a device configuration data sheet describing the softwaremodules in the prescribed format. The format may be similar to XMLschema and the device configuration data sheet may be similar to a XML,document. An XML, signature provides support for adding digitalsignatures to provide integrity, message authentication and/or signerauthentication. A binary XML is a more compact representation and mayalso be used as a basis to reduce the parsing costs as well as to reducethe required bandwidth for communication of the configuration data fromone entity to another. An example of an XML-Schema is shown in Table 4and may be a standard format in which manufacturers may specify theirmodules.

TABLE 4 XML-Schema <?xml version=“1.0”?. <xs:schemaxmlns:xs=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema”> <xs:elementname=“Manufacturer Identification”> <xs:complexType>  <xs:sequence><xs:element name=“Name” type=“xs:string”/> <xs:element name=“URL”type=“xs:string”/>  </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element><xs:element name=“Module Name”> <xs:complexType>  <xs:sequence><xs:element name=“Version” type=“xs:string”/> <xs:element name=“Stage”type=“xs:string”/> <xs:element name=“Severity” type=“xs:string”/><xs:element name=“Author” type=“xs:string”/> <xs:elementname=“Dependency” type=“xs:string”/> <xs:element name=“IntegrityAlgorithm” type=“xs:string”/> <xs:element name=“Reference IntegrityMetric” type=“xs:string”/>  </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType></xs:element>+ <Signature ID?> <SignedInfo>  <CanonicalizationMethod/> <SignatureMethod/>  (<Reference URI? > (<Transforms>)? <DigestMethod><DigestValue> </Reference>)+  </SignedInfo>  <SignatureValue> (<Keylnfo>)?  (<Object ID?>)* </Signature> </xs:schema> where “?”denotes zero or one occurrence; “+” denotes one or more occurrences; and“*” denotes zero or more occurrences

A manufacturer may provide a device configuration data sheet and sign itwith the digital signature. This device configuration data sheet may bemaintained at the H(e)NB for AuV. In the case of a failed check,appropriate actions may be taken if the digital signature of the deviceconfiguration sheet itself is verified, since this would mean that theattribute of the software, which includes information on the impact ofany failed module, is intact even though the software module itself(i.e., the binary image) may have changed and have failed integritychecking. In the case of SAV, the device configuration sheet may bemaintained at the device and PVE. Additional actions may be added tosupport SAV as described herein.

Described herein is an ASN.1 based specification of the software moduleattributes that may provide a common, portable language to specify thecomponents of H(e)NB and the associated attributes. Intelecommunications and computer networking, ASN.1 is a standard andflexible notation that describes data structures for representing,encoding, transmitting, and decoding data. It may provide a set offormal rules for describing the structure of objects that areindependent of machine-specific encoding techniques and is a precise,formal notation that removes ambiguities. As commonly used for definingmessages for communication protocols, ASN.1, with its associatedencoding rules, results in a binary encoding. Other communicationprotocols, such as Internet protocols HTTP and SMTP, define messagesusing text tags and values, sometimes based on the Augmented Backus-Naurform (ABNF) notation. The definition also defines the encoding, which isin text.

The ASN.1 approach is believed to be more efficient, and with PackedEncoding Rules, certainly provides a more compact encoding. The textualapproach is claimed to be easier to implement (through creation andparsing of text strings) and easier to debug, as one can simply read anencoded message. In the case of the Megaco protocol, two encodings weredefined based on ASN.1 and ABNF.

The ASN.1 XML Encoding Rules (XER) provide a textual encoding of datastructures defined using ASN.1 notation. Generic String Encoding Ruleswere also defined for the sole purpose of presenting and inputting datato/from a user. An example of ASN.1 for communicating device integritymetrics may be shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 ASN.1 DevicelntegrityMeasurementsType DEFINITIONS ::= BEGINManufacturerIdentification ::= {  Name IA5String,  URL IA5String }Modules ::= SEQUENCE { Version INTEGER, Stage INTEGER, Severity INTEGER,Author IA5String Dependency IA5String, IntegrityAlgo  IA5String, RIM IA5String } Digital Signature ::={ SignedInfo SignedInfoType, KeyInfoKeyInfoType, SignatureValue IA5String } END The types SignedInfoType andKeyInfoType may be defined in a similar fashion asDeviceIntegrityMeasurementsType.

If for each software module on the device, its associated moduleattributes are known to the network, then during the SAV procedure theH(e)NB may send to the PVE just the list of the identifications (ID's)of all modules that have failed an integrity check during the localintegrity check procedure. The network, by way of the PVE, would knowthe relevant attributes of the particular software modules and theimpact of their failures. This information may be used to make anassessment of the next step the network takes as described herein.

Described herein are software module attributes that may be consideredas being transmitted to the H(e)NB and may be provisioned as a digitalcertificate or signed message from a trusted third party (TTP) such asthe H(e)NB management system (H(e)MS). For example, overall informationelements for the code image may include, but is not limited to, themanufacturer of the H(e)NB and an integrity method that may be used togenerate the digest or RIMs of the module code image.

Described herein are methods to describe component specific information.One or more components constitute a software module. A component is abasic quanta of integrity checking. There is one trusted reference value(TRV) associated with each component. Component specific informationelements may include a component ID that is a uniquely identifiable IDcorresponding to the component description. This is the ID of the quantaof code to be checked with one TRV. It may further include TRVs that theintegrity checking mechanism on the H(e)NB may use to compare themeasurements of the component to verify the integrity of the component.

Module specific information elements may include, but is not limited to,a module description that describes a specific module function within aH(e)NB and a module ID that identifies the module uniquely for themanufacturer. It may also include a function description that identifiesthe specific functionality of a H(e)NB to which this module is mappedand a function ID that may be a globally identifiable ID, standardizedacross vendors and corresponding to the function description. It mayfurther include a component ID that identifies the component to whichthis module maps to and a release version that indicates the versionnumber of the module. In the case where there is a one-to-one mappingbetween a component and a module, module specific information couldeffectively be identical to component specific information.

The module specific information elements may also include a severityclassification that specifies the impact of the failure of the integritycheck of the current software on the system's functionality. Forexample, there may be a multiple level severity classification system.For example, severity 1 may be a failure of the module/function thatresults in high impact on the H(e)NB functionality and may warranthalting operation of the system. Failure of the module/function mayresult in a limp along system based on a fallback code image (FBC). Inthis case, communication with a network based device management system(which would be the H(e)MS if the device is a H(e)NB) may be possible.The FBC may be able to send a distress signal to a designated H(e)MS.Furthermore, it may also support a network-initiated firmware/softwareupdate. For example, any module or component for the trusted environment(TrE) of the H(e)NB may have severity 1. Severity 2 may be a failure ofthe module/function that may result in a limited H(e)NB functionality,which may partly function or support a subset of the full H(e)NBfunctionality. In this case, communication with a security gateway(SeGW) may be possible. Severity 3 may be a failure of themodule/function that may not affect the system's core functionality butmay still be considered important enough to require early remediation inthe case of failure. The failed module/function may be replaced via animmediate firmware/software update procedure and validated through asubsequent reboot. Severity 4 may be a failure of the module that maynot affect the system's core functionality. The failed module(s) may bereplaced via a normal firmware/software update schedule.

Described herein are reporting procedures or methods for validationmethods. For AuV, all procedures of the device integrity checks may beperformed locally. If the integrity check fails, a distress signal maybe sent to the H(e)MS to indicate the failure. Subsequent actions mayrange from sending personnel to fix the issue or quarantine the device.Remediation may be performed, in which case the list of failed modulesmay be reported to the remediation server/H(e)MS. In the case of SAV, alist of the functionalities that have failed integrity checks may bereported to the PVE.

The modules depend on the manufacturer's implementation. A set ofcompiled software modules may form an object image. Integrity checks maybe performed on object image chunks. Therefore, components have beenintroduced which combine a set of modules on which integrity checks aremade. One module appears once in a component and appears in only onecomponent (i.e., one module cannot appear in two components). This way,when integrity checks are performed, a module is checked only once. Themanufacturer of the H(e)NB (which may be either identical or differentfrom the manufacturer of any individual software module) decides how topartition modules into components for device integrity checks based onthe architecture.

Functionality may be based on the requirements and functionalarchitecture of the H(e)NB, and may be a standardized identifier. Forexample, the Iu interface and mobility management are functions. Amodule may be shared between the two functions. Therefore, when acomponent (which is an integrity check quanta) fails the integritycheck, then the affected modules are known. Since each module has afunctionality associated with it, a list of failed functionality may bederived. This list of failed functionality is sent to the PVE in SAV.

Described herein is a functionality ID. The implementation of thearchitecture governs the number and type of software modules. In orderto harmonize the reporting structure and methodology over multiplemanufactures and/or stakeholders (such as the mobile network operator),reporting may be done based on the functionality instead of the actualmodules. The software modules may be grouped based on theirfunctionality. The functionality ID provides the means to categorize themodules based on the functionality description. Table 6 lists some ofthe functionality that has been derived based on what is currentlyknown. This list may be expanded and standardized. In Table 6, thenumbers from 1-9 for the last significant digit are reserved for futureuse or expandability.

TABLE 6 Functionality ID Functionality Description 10 H(e)MSsubsystemSecure Boot loader 20 Uu interfaceTrE 30 Iuh interfaceIntegrityValidation Engine 40 HGm InterfaceFall Back Code 50 HUtInterfaceOperating System 60 S1-MME interfaceH(e)MS subsystem 70 S1-UUuinterface 80 I2 (SIP)Iuh interface 90 Iu-CS interfaceHGm Interface 100Iu-PS interfaceHUt Interface 110 E, Nc, NbS1-MME interface 120 RUAservicesS1-U interface 130 HNBAP servicesI2 (SIP) interface 140 HNB GWDiscoveryIu-CS interface 150 HNB RegistrationIu-PS interface 160 WTRURegistration for HNBE, Nc, Nb interface 170 Access control managementRUAservices 180 Time ManagementHNBAP services 190 CSG managementHNB GWDiscovery 200 Mobility ManagementHNB Registration 210 NAS Node selectionfunctionUE Registration for HNB 220 Paging OptimizationAccess controlmanagement 230 Transport Address MappingTime Management 240 ChargingCSGmanagement 250 Emergency ServicesMobility Management 260 QoSManagementNAS Node selection function 270 Local IP AccessPagingOptimization 280 Managed Remote AccessTransport Address Mapping 290 HNBsupport for legacy CNCharging 300 Inbound Handover SupportEmergencyServices 310 RoamingQoS Management 320 SCCP connectionless comm to MSCSGSNLocal IP Access 330 OAM subsystemManaged Remote Access 340 DisplaysubsystemHNB support for legacy CN 350 USIM subsystemInbound HandoverSupport 360 HPM subsystemRoaming 370 IMS interworkingSCCP connectionlesscomm to MSC SGSN 380 IP-PABX interfaceOAM subsystem 390 SecurityFunctionsDisplay subsystem 400 RAB managementUSIM subsystem 410 RadioResource ManagementHPM subsystem 420 Iu Link ManagementIMS interworking430 Iu U-plane (RNL) ManagementIP-PABX interface 440Iu-CoordinationSecurity Functions 450 Provisioning FunctionsRABmanagement 460 Hardware FailureRadio Resource Management 470 Iu LinkManagement 480 Iu U-plane (RNL) Management 490 Iu-Coordination Functions500 Provisioning Functions 510 Hardware Failure

Described herein is a component ID. In order to harmonize the deviceintegrity checks, the modules may be categorized based on the generatedimage. A set of object files may be archived together in an image file.Such a group of modules contain the same component ID and arecollectively checked for integrity and therefore, have one trustedreference value (TRV) for one component. Since each software modulecomes with its own reference integrity metric (RIM), a trusted referencevalue (TRV) of a component may be obtained as a digest (e.g., a hash) ofa concatenation of one or more software modules, each of which may havea RIM associated with it. Note that the modules appearing in onecomponent ID may be mapped to a different functionality ID than the samemodule appearing in another component ID. This procedure providesflexibility to the manufacturers based on their architecture andcompilers, for example, enabling grouping of modules either based on theobject images or the stages of the SAV integrity checks.

A module ID is used to track the various modules of the software and maynot be standardized, although it is not impossible to standardizeeither. If the module ID is not standardized, it may be left up to themanufacturer to decide which and how many modules are present. A moduleID may be used for providing, tracking and constructing thefirmware/software update package.

Described herein are methods and structures for organizing and statingthe relationship between the various identifiers such as the modules,components and functionality. FIG. 1 shows one example method andstructure. Software architecture defines the number and type of modules.These modules are categorized based on their functionality and integritycheck quanta. A component that consists of multiple modules has its ownTRV. If integrity checking of any component, using its TRV, fails, theneither the component itself is altered or its digest is no longer thesame as the value of the TRV or the TRV corresponding to the componenthas been altered. In either case, upon a failed integrity check, themapping between the modules and the component that failed the integritychecking as well as the mapping between the modules and functionalities,may be used to determine the list of the failed (or at least ‘affected’)functionalities. The list of identifiers of the affected functionalitymay be communicated to the H(e)MS or PVE.

FIG. 2 shows an example structure of components and functionality. Asillustrated, when the components are the quanta on which the integritychecks are performed, the components may be decided by themanufacturers. To each component, a list of functionalities may beassociated. The components are based on the functionality. Therefore,when a component fails the integrity check, the list of failedfunctionality may be constructed. The components may be organized in theorder of their loading order, or, alternatively in the order ofexecution order. Therefore, if component 1 fails the check, then thefunctionality of component 2 that uses functions from component 1 foreither loading or execution may also fail.

Another alternative implementation to extract the list of failedfunctionalities based on the failed integrity checks may be to performthe integrity checks on chunks of the image object file. If a certainblock of image, specified by the start address and the end address inthe object image, does not pass the integrity checks, then the names ofthe software functions corresponding to the failed segment areextracted. Based on the implemented functions, the list of failed H(e)NBfunctionalities may be derived. This may be done because the softwarefunctions belong to a module which implements certain H(e)NBfunctionality. For example, in a UNIX environment ‘nm’ provides thefunctionality to extract the names of a function in an object file. Thisinformation is extracted from the symbol table of the object.

Described herein is downloading and provisioning of software and TRV forvalidation methods. Three protocols that may be used are the TR069 basedarchitecture, Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Device Management (DM) basedarchitecture and the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) InfrastructureWorkgroup (IWG) based architecture. Additionally these protocols mayalso be used to configure the H(e)NB by utilizing the provisioningsupport. Other protocols than these three may also be considered.

The TR069 based architecture in FIG. 3 describes the customer premisesequipment (CPE) wide area network (WAN) Management Protocol, intendedfor communication between a CPE and Auto-Configuration Server (ACS). TheCPE maps to H(e)NB and ACS maps to the H(e)MS/remediationserver/operations, administration and management (OAM). The CPE WANManagement Protocol may provide tools to manage downloading of CPEsoftware/firmware image files. The protocol may provide mechanisms forversion identification, file download initiation (ACS initiateddownloads and optional CPE initiated downloads), and notification of theACS of the success or failure of a file download.

The CPE WAN Management Protocol may also define a digitally signed fileformat that may optionally be used to download either individual filesor a package of files along with explicit installation instructions forthe CPE to perform. This signed package format ensures the integrity ofdownloaded files and the associated installation instructions, allowingauthentication of a file source that may be a party other than the ACSoperator. The integrity checking of downloaded files may be based oncomparing the integrity digests (e.g., hashes) computed from individualmodules contained in the downloaded files to their corresponding RIMvalues.

The CPE WAN Management Protocol may be useful to download the TRVsneeded for device integrity checking to the H(e)NB. Such content may bedigitally signed by the network operator's signing key. Upon receipt ofthe signed packet, the H(e)NB may then decrypt the signature and verifythe authenticity and integrity of the received TRVs. In cases where acomponent is constructed as an ordered concatenation of several modules,the TRV may be constructed as an ordered concatenation of the RIMscorresponding to the modules.

The TRVs may also be encrypted for confidentiality before digitallysigned. They may also be appended to the whole or (the first or thelast) part of the software module binary image for which the TRV iscreated, within the same digitally signed packet.

Described herein are additional procedures for handling a H(e)NB device.These additional requirements and procedures may use an interfaceidentified as a H(e)NB-H(e)MS interface in the description below.Validation of the H(e)NB may need additional protocol componentrequirements. The H(e)NB-H(e)MS should support secure socketslayer/transport layer security (SSL/TLS) and use a certificate basedauthentication between the H(e)NB and H(e)MS. This certificate may bethe same certificate used for authentication to the SeGW. If a TR069based architecture is used for the H(e)NB-H(e)MS interface, then thebasic or digest authentication for CPE authentication may need to beadapted to support certificate based authentication.

Described herein are procedures or structure that may be needed forH(e)MS discovery based on TR069 architecture. The H(e)NB should beconfigured with a default H(e)MS uniform resource locator (URL) in theManagementServer.URL parameter. This initial configuration may be doneby the operator while distributing the H(e)NB or by the manufacturer.The H(e)NB may support local area network (LAN)-sideManagementServer.URL configuration by an authorized administrator. TheH(e)MS URL may be a hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) URL. Thehosting party dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) based H(e)MSURL update procedure may not be supported. If the value is updatedlocally, then the H(e)NB may contact the new H(e)MS to bootstrap theconfiguration files and to establish affinity. Should the URL be a nameor an internet protocol (IP) address, it may require domain name system(DNS) resolution. DNS resolution of names may return multiple IPaddresses, in which case either it is ensured that multiple IPs may notbe returned or if multiple IPs are returned then the H(e)NB picks outone randomly.

Described herein is SeGW discovery based on TR069 architecture. Similarto the H(e)S URL, the SeGW URL may be added as a parameter(SecureGateway.URL). This URL may be configured by an operator based onthe location of the H(e)NB. An update of this parameter by the DHCP maynot be supported. Local updates by authorized administrator may beperformed.

Additional mechanisms to adapt device management protocols such as theTR069, OMA DM, or TCG IWG, for the purpose of AuV and SAV are describedherein below.

Described herein is the OMA DM based architecture for downloading andprovisioning software and TRVs for validation methods. OMA DM is adevice management protocol jointly specified by the OMA DM Working Groupand the Data Synchronization (DS) Working Group. Although OMD DM wasdeveloped for small foot-print mobile equipments such as phones, PDAs,and other similar devices, it lacks support for broadband wirelineconnectivity between the equipment and DM server and only supportsshort-haul wired connectivity (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), orRS232C) or wireless connectivity (global system for mobilecommunications (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), wirelesslocal area network (WLAN), and other wireless communication systems), itmay be useful as a device provisioning and management protocol for theH(e)NBs. This may be true for H(e)NBs that may present itself as awireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) to the core network whilepresenting itself as a base station to the common serial gateway (CSG)and non-CSG WTRUs that connect to it.

The OMA DM may support use cases such as provisioning (includingfirst-time device configuration and enabling/disabling features), deviceconfiguration updates, software upgrades, and diagnostics reporting andqueries. The OMA DM server side may support all of these functions,although the device may optionally implement all or a subset of thesefeatures.

The OMA specification may be optimized to support the above-listedfeatures for small foot-print devices with constrained connectivity. Itmay also support integrated security, using authentication (by use ofsuch protocols as extensible authentication protocol-authentication andkey agreement (EAP-AKA)) protocols made as part of the specifications.

The OMA DM may use XML (or, more accurately, a subset from SyncML), fordata exchange. This may be useful for providing a standardize-able yetflexible way to define and convey attributes for software modules orfunctionality for the H(e)NB, for the purpose of validation.

Device management takes place between a DM server (the managing entityfor the devices) and the client (the device being managed). The OMA DMsupports transport layers such as wireless application protocol (WAP),HTTP, or object exchange (OBEX) or similar transports.

DM communication is asynchronously initiated by the DM server, using anyavailable methods such as WAP, Push or short message service (SMS),using either a notification or an alert message. Once communication maybe set up between the server and the client, a sequence of messages maybe exchanged to complete a given DM task.

The OMA DM communication may be based on a request-response protocol,where requests may be made by only the DM server, and the client mayrespond with a reply message. The server and the client are bothstateful, meaning any data exchanged due to a specific sequence may onlyoccur after the built-in authentication procedure.

Since DM communication may only be initiated by the DM server,implementing SAV over DM may require a server-query-based approach tovalidation, possibly (immediately) following a device authenticationprocedure using internet key exchange (IKE)v2 (which is initiated by thedevice). Several different message types may be considered as a conveyorof the validation data (e.g., a list of failed software modules ordevice functionality). For example, the Management Alert message may besent from the device to the server. Alternatively, the user of theGeneric Alert message, that may be sent from the device to the DM serverafter there was a transmission of at least one Management Alert messagefrom either the device or the server, may also be considered. Since allmessages including these Alert messages use synchronization markuplanguage (SyncML) format which provides flexibility in specifying thecontents and meta data for the contents, it may be useful for validationinformation transmittal. The DM may support segmented data transfer,which may be useful for software update where the size of the update maybe large. Segmented data transfer may also be used for transfer of thelist of failed functionalities of the H(e)NB from the H(e)NB to the PVEin cases where the size of such information is large enough to requirepartitioning into multiple messages.

Described herein is the TCG IWG based architecture for downloading andprovisioning software and TRVs for validation methods. Trusted ComputingGroup (TCG), Infrastructure Working Group (IWG) has specified detailedformats and protocols for platform integrity management. In the basicmodel for integrity measurement and reporting, network and serviceaccess may be conditioned on a platform's verified state.

TCG IWG standards provide a superset of the structure required forH(e)NB SAV or AuV. None of the IWG specifications may be usedoff-the-shelf. Furthermore, profiling the IWG specification to aspecific use case of device validation may require XML Schemamodifications (e.g., omission of required elements), which meansdeviating from IWG standards.

The basic interaction between a requesting platform and a network-sideverifier is shown in FIG. 4. The verifier needs to seek authoritativeinformation regarding each of the components of the requestor's platform(in the fifth step). That is, it requires reference measurements, forplatform validation which is made available by the metric provider.Examples of the metric provider are the hardware manufacturer, softwarevendor or a trusted provider on behalf of the manufacturer and vendor.Once the verifier is able to identify each component of the requestor'splatform and compare the reported measurement against the expected(baseline) reference measurement value (for that component), theverifier can gauge the level of trust of the requestor's platform. Atthis stage, the verifier is able to make a decision with respect to therequestor's wish to access resource/services at the relying party. Thisis shown in the sixth step.

It may be noted that the IWG integrity verification architecture islargely independent of the presence of a hardware Trusted PlatformModule (TPM) on the verified platform. In particular the data formatsspecified in the standards are capable of expressing generic componentand platform security related attributes.

In order to support technical trust in a given component, the componentmanufacturer may support its product with information regarding theprovenance of the component. That is, the manufacturer or a trustedthird party must provide some static reference values for thatcomponent. These static reference/metric values for components arecalled reference measurements, and are represented in the form of theTCG Reference Manifest (RM) structure. The manifest for a componentcontains information such as its identity, manufacturer, model number,version number, and others. For the purpose of this application, thetrusted reference values (TRVs) of the components of a H(e)NB may bespecified by the TCG IWG Reference Manifest (RM) structure.

When a platform needs to be validated, it must provide the validator(such as the Platform Verification Entity—PVE) with an integrity reportwhich is compiled from a set of snapshots covering the platform'scomponents as shown in FIG. 5. The snapshot represents both themeasurements and assertions about every relevant component of theplatform (and possibly sub-components of these components). References(ID Refs) are used to point to information pertaining to the componentsreported in the integrity report as shown in FIG. 6.

The core elements for validation based on RMs are described in the TCGstandard. For flexibility, XML namespaces may be used forplatform-specific profiles of IWG formats, for instance mobile, orPC-Client.

An interoperable integrity log structure may address some platformspecific constraints by defining a “hardware architecture” type value toindicate platform specific encodings. Type values may be defined interms of TCG namespaces using an interoperable namespace mechanism suchas XMLNamespaces and XRI.

The RM schema which inherits by extension from the core schema, definesthe structure to hold references. The RM schema may roughly beunderstood as consisting of two sets of information as shown in FIG. 7.The first pertains to the information about individual components, andcovers attributes such as the component model, name, version,serial-number, and so on. This information is captured in theComponentIDtype structure. Surrounding this component-specificinformation is the metadata that pertains to the capturing (harvesting)of the component information. This is represented by theIntegrityManifestType structure in the schema. The metadata capturedincludes the collector (harvester) method used, the RM signature (andassociated signer/issuer information), digest value(s) over thecomponent (for software), confidence levels, assertions made and others.

Described herein are items specific to AuV. In AuV, the integrity checkmay be performed locally. Therefore, any of the digital signatures ormessage authentication codes described herein may be used. These may besigned by the manufacturer using the manufacturer's private key/sharedsecret and verified locally for their authenticity using themanufacturers shared secret or public key and may be used for verifyingthe integrity of the code locally.

However, in AuV, the device validation may be performed locally withinthe device, and the information is not sent to any network entity.Therefore, it may be left to a manufacturer to decide the exact methodto utilize for validation. However, minimal security requirements may bestandardized, such as ‘the integrity algorithm must provide equivalentor better security than SHA-1’.

Described herein is how AuV implements TRV Certificate management. Sincethe components of a system depend on the actual implementation, there isa need to harmonize the mechanisms used for device integrity. This maybe achieved by standardizing the minimum requirements for the methodsused for generating the trusted reference integrity metrics known asTRVs. These TRVs may be generated by manufacturers or by a TTP whodigitally signs the values. Therefore, mechanisms to organize theinformation, generate TRVs, distribute them and use them are reviewed.

Described herein is first time TRV certificate initialization. After thecomplete development of the H(e)NB, the manufacturer performs a localintegrity data initialization. In this process, all the software modulenames are collected in a device configuration data sheet. If any factorysettings related to the configuration file are present, they are alsoincluded in the device configuration data sheet. The modules areexecutables and not source code. Initial provisioning of theconfiguration data is also performed. The device configuration datasheet schema follows a standard schema. The XML, or the ASN.1 schemapresented herein may be used as a baseline. All the attributes about theseverity, compatibility, stage and others are populated based on thearchitecture of the device.

FIG. 8 shows a certificate management architecture 800. At amanufacturers' certificate server 805, all the modules entries 810 arepopulated with a reference integrity metric. The integrity methodattribute and the TRV attribute are populated. The device configurationdata sheet is then signed by the manufacturer using the private key 820.It may also be certified with respect to a root certificate issued by aTTP to the manufacturer. Thus the reference integrity metrics (RIMs)becomes the TRVs 830.

In an alternate architecture, the TRVs may be generated by a TTP. Themanufacturer provides the executable and the partially completed deviceconfiguration sheet which lists all the modules and some populatedattributes which may be filled in at the manufacturer's site. The TRVswhich are the digest metrics are populated by the TTP. The TTP thendigitally signs the device configuration certificate.

The device configuration data sheet may be maintained within the devicesince AuV is performed locally within the device. The deviceconfiguration data sheet must be kept inside the secure memory which maybe accessed only by an authorized party. Alternatively, the deviceconfiguration data sheet has to be encrypted which may be decrypted inthe H(e)NB as it is read and used. In either case, only the trustedenvironment (TrE) of the H(e)NB should have authority to release thedevice configuration data sheet for read access by an application, or tomodify it.

During the secure start-up process, when the device performs the localmeasurements of the components, the generated digest is compared withthe values specified in the device configuration data sheet. If amismatch occurs then it is construed as a failure of the deviceintegrity validation. The integrity of the device configuration datasheet must be verified before it is accessed. The integrity of thedevice configuration data sheet could also be verified after one or moreintegrity check failure(s) of any one or multiple component(s) specifiedwithin the data sheet.

Described herein are subsequent TRV certificate update procedures. For adeployed H(e)NB system, if a new software version is issued by themanufacturer, then the manufacturer may provide the device configurationdata sheet along with the software modules to the H(e)MS/OAMserver/remediation server. This may be done asynchronously by performinga ‘PUSH’ operation by the manufacturer. Such a PUSH may be scheduledbased on the scheduled updates/upgrades that are agreed upon between theoperator and the manufacturer based on the service agreement signedbetween them.

Following such a PUSH, an OAM procedure or TR069 procedure to update thefirmware or software modules may be invoked which instructs the deviceto reboot at a scheduled time to perform a ‘PULL’ operation thesoftware/firmware from the H(e)MS/OAM/remediation server. Encryption,signing and nonce's may provide security aspects such asconfidentiality, integrity, and replay protection, respectively.

Alternatively, when the device configuration data sheet expires due tothe scheduled expiry based on the software release schedule, the H(e)NBmay start the firmware/software update process and begin a PULL for thesoftware/firmware from the OAM/remediation server. Alternatively, theH(e)MS could perform scheduled PUSH of software updates based on a knownschedule (e.g. obtained from the manufacturer) of software release.

Described herein are procedures based on TR069 or OMA DM architecturesthat support software/firmware downloads to the device. In the case ofAuV, the TR069 protocol may provide support for remote management of thecustomer premise equipment. It may also provide support for devicesoftware/firmware updates. TR069 may be utilized to providefirmware/software updates to the H(e)NB device.

Described herein are example AuV procedures between a H(e)NB 905 andH(e)MS 910 for subsequent updates that may be performed at the H(e)NB905 by the authorized administrator or by utilizing an URL updateprocedure as shown in FIG. 9. The H(e)NB 905 is initially configuredwith a default H(e)MS uniform resource locator (URL) in theManagementServer.URL parameter (0) as stated previously with respect toH(e)MS discovery. This may be provisioned by the manufacturer. TheH(e)MS 910 opens a transmission control protocol (TCP) connection (1). Asecure socket layer (SSL) connection is established between the H(e)NB905 and H(e)MS 910 to allow secure communications (2). The H(e)MS 910initiates a remote procedure call (RPC) Method SetParameterValues andupdates the ManagementServer.URL (3). After a successful update theSetParameterValuesResponse is sent by the H(e)NB 905 with the statusfield indicating success or failure (4). The H(e)NB 905 updates theH(e)MS URL (5).

Described herein are AuV procedures for supporting file transfer usingTR069 for the H(e)NB-H(e)MS interface. TR069 supports file transfer byUnicast and Multicast transport protocols. Unicast protocols includeHTTP/HTTPS, file transfer protocol (FTP), secure file transfer protocol(SFTP) and trivial file transfer protocol (TFTP). Multicast protocolsinclude file delivery over unidirectional transport (FLUTE) and digitalstorage media command and control (DSM-CC). The support for HTTP/HTTPSis mandatory. For adapting TR069 for firmware/software download in theH(e)NB-H(e)MS interface, in addition to HTTP/HTTPS, FTP secure (FTPS)may also be utilized and would need to be added to TR069. FTPS (alsoknown as FTP secure and FTP-SSL) is an extension to FTP that addssupport for transport layer security (TLS) and SSL cryptographicprotocols. Since the H(e)NB-H(e)MS interface utilizes a TLS-SSLinterface, FTPS may be implemented for transfer of files.

TR069 also provides support for reusing the same TLS connection fordownloading the file, spawning a new connection for downloading fileswhich may exist in parallel or releasing the first session. After thedownload is complete, the TLS connection for signaling is established.If HTTP/HTTPS is used to download the file, then standard TR069procedures may be utilized.

Described herein are example AuV procedures for remediation support. Ifthe device integrity checks fail in AuV then a local distress flag maybe set and the system reboots with a Fallback Code (FBC). The FBC may bestored securely in the device and may be loaded and executed if thesecure start-up procedure (or any other process of the device that isdeemed as ‘essential’ for ensuring the basic integrity of the device)fails. The FBC has the capability of basic communications with the corenetwork and has the capability to send a distress signal to apre-designated H(e)MS. The H(e)MS may have been updated by the H(e)MSdiscovery procedure. The contents of the distress signal may be storedsecurely within the FBC on the device, or may be provisioned by the MNOand securely stored as part of the device configuration data sheet. Thedistress signal may contain an error code information element indicatingthe details of the device integrity check failure. On receipt of thedistress signal, the network may decide to update the complete image andthe device configuration file containing the trusted reference values.An FTP server stores a package file containing the complete image,device configuration file and the installation instructions. The FTPserver may be merged with the H(e)MS.

This procedure may be achieved by FBC supporting the TR069 protocol andan example flowchart 1000 is shown in FIG. 10 between a H(e)NB 1005,H(e)MS 1010 and FTP server 1015. If the device integrity check failedand the Root of Trust (RoT) has booted up the FBC at the H(e)NB 1005(0), then the H(e)NB 1005 sets up a TCP connection to the pre-designatedH(e)MS server 1010 (1). An SSL initiation is performed and/or transportlayer security (TLS) is setup (2). The H(e)NB 1005 then invokes the RPCmethod INFORM, e.g., a distress signal, to the H(e)MS 1010. The distresssignal may contain any combination of information elements such as theDevice ID, Event, MaxEnvelopes and CurrentTime.

The Device ID is a structure that may contain a manufacturer name; anorganizationally unique identifier (OUI) of the device manufacturer; aProductClass that may be utilized to indicate the class of product forwhich the serial number applies or to indicate the serial number of thedevice in order to let the SerialNumber attribute to be utilized toindicate the TrE ID or the H(e)NB Id; and a Serial Number that may beused to send the serial number of the particular device or send the TrEID or the H(e)NB ID.

The Event field may contain the event code that caused the RPC methodInform to be executed. A new event code (X_HeNB_FBC Invoked) may need tobe defined to indicate that the device integrity check has failed andthat FBC has been invoked to send this distress signal. The MaxEnvelopesvalue, which indicates to the ACS (e.g., H(e)MS) the maximum number ofthe occurrences of a parameter called “SOAP envelopes” that may becontained in a single HTTP response, may be set to 1. The value of theMaxEnvelope parameter may be one or greater. Since distress indicationis intended to be sent only once, setting this value to 1 isappropriate. The CurrentTime field is the value of the current date andtime known to the H(e)NB 1005. Thus, the Inform RPC method indicates tothe H(e)MS 1010 that the device has failed the integrity check and isconnecting for initiating a firmware/software update.

The remainder of procedure 1000 is optional. The H(e)MS 1010 may invokethe RPC method download and provides the URL of the location of thefirmware or software and the device configuration data sheet (4). Thefollowing parameter values may be set. The CommandKey parameter is astring that may be used by the H(e)NB 1005 to refer to a particulardownload. This may be any string used to correlate the download and theresponses. The FileType parameter may be set to “1 Firmware UpgradeImage” for the firmware/software image and “X_<OUI>_data_sheet” for thedevice configuration data sheet. The URL parameter is the URL of thedownload file. HTTP and HTTPS must be supported. Support of FTPS is alsorecommended for download. The Username parameter may be used by theH(e)NB 1005 to authenticate to the file server. The Password parametermay be used by the H(e)NB 1005 to authenticate to the file server. TheFileSize parameter is the size of the file to be downloaded. Otherparameters may also be set.

The H(e)NB 1005 connects to the FTP Server 1015 and downloads thefirmware image (or software image) and the device configuration datasheet (5). The information at the FTP Server 1015 may be denoted asremediation information. Upon successful completion of the download aDownloadResponse with a status argument having a value of zero(indicating success), or a fault response to the download request(indicating failure) is sent (6). Alternative procedures may also befollowed to indicate a successful or failed download. After a successfulDownloadResponse, the H(e)MS 1010 may then invoke a reboot procedure inthe H(e)NB 1005 (7). The RPC handler in the H(e)NB 1005 resets the localdistress flag and boots normally to perform the local integrity checkprocedures (8). The signed package format may contain a reboot command,which may be used to instruct the H(e)NB 1005 to reboot after thefirmware or software is updated. A TransferComplete RPC method may beinvoked from the H(e)NB 1005 to indicate to H(e)MS 1010 that theprocedure of firmware/software update has been successfully completed(9). Alternatively, a SeGW may send a message to the H(e)MS 1010 toindicate that the device has successfully booted which may beinterpreted in the H(e)MS 1010 as a successful firmware/software updatecomplete message.

Described herein is an example file format 1100 that may be used forH(e)NB firmware/software updates and is shown in FIG. 11. A header 1105may be a fixed length structure including a preamble, format version,and the lengths of the command list and payload components. A commandlist 1110 contains the sequence of instructions that may be executed toextract and install the files contained in the package. Each command maybe in the form of a type-length-value (TLV). A signatures field 1115 maycontain a Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #7 digital signatureblock that may contain a set of zero or more digital signatures. Payloadfiles 1120 may include one or more files to be installed following theinstructions in the command list 1110. In addition to thefirmware/software update files, the device configuration data sheet isalso packaged in the signed package format.

In order to support the requirements of storage classifiers, thefollowing new H(e)NB specific commands may be added: 1) Store in SecureNon-Volatile memory (For data such as TRV or the configuration datasheet); and 2) Store in Non-Volatile Storage; or 3) Can be Stored inVolatile Storage.

FIG. 12 shows example network architecture 1200 for SAV. A H(e)NB 1205acts as a gateway for user equipment 1210 to communicate via acommunication link 1215 to a core network 1220. The H(e)NB 1205interacts with a SeGW 1225 over unsecured communications link 1215. TheSeGW 1225 may allow authenticated H(e)NBs to access the core network1220. A H(e)MS 1230 acts as the H(e)NB management server and providessupport for remediation. The H(e)MS 1230 may support the standardprotocols to manage the H(e)NB 1205. A platform validation entity (PVE)1235 stores the policy that defines the actions to be taken when acertain set of functionalities in the H(e)NB 1205 fails. These failedfunctionalities are reported by the H(e)NB 1205 during the SAV process.An OAM 1240 is the operations, administration and management server.Although the H(e)MS 1230 and PVE 1235 are shown as separate entities,they may be merged together as a single network entity. Such a mergedentity may be a single node per network operator or may be multiplenodes per operator.

Described herein are procedures with respect to SAV. In summary, beforeproceeding to perform a device authentication procedure, the TrE of theH(e)NB first performs a check of the integrity of certain pre-designatedcomponents such as, but not limited to, boot code, fallback code (FBC),basic communication code for SeGW, and code that performs proceduresenabling the H(e)NB to access H(e)MS. In this step the verification ofthe integrity of the components may be performed locally by comparingthe digest output from the integrity measurements to the specifiedvalues in the device configuration data sheet. If the components passthe integrity verification then they are loaded and executed.

Further checks may take place either by the TrE itself or by a measuringcomponent in the H(e)NB external to the TrE, but integrity-protected bythe TrE. In such later-stage checks, integrity of other components,configurations, or parameters of the rest of the H(e)NB may be checkedwhen they are loaded or started, or at other, pre-defined run-time timeevents, wherever such are available to the measuring component. In thisstep, the verification of the integrity checks may performed locally.

The H(e)NB may then attempt to establish an Internet Key Exchange(IKEv2) security association with the SeGW. In the process, itauthenticates itself to SeGW and verifies the authenticity of the SeGW.This may be performed by certificate exchanges and certificateauthentication. If the authentication succeeds, the TrE conveys theresult of the local integrity verification to the PVE, by compiling alist of failed functionalities that are affected by the failure of thecomponents. The TrE may then sign the message (using a signing keyprotected by the TrE, thus protecting the integrity of the message),which asserts that the core part of the H(e)NB that performed theintegrity measurement and verification, as well as reporting (to thePVE) of the list of failed functionalities, has either passed theintegrity check performed on it (e.g., by the Root of Trust(RoT)) andtherefore has been able to use the signing key and perform the signingoperation, or otherwise is trusted inherently by way of its use of thesecret signing key.

FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate an example SAV procedure 1300 performed bya H(e)NB 1305, SeGW 1310 and PVE 1315. After the local integrityvalidation of component 1 and component 2 modules, the modules areloaded and executed. The results of the device integrity checks of thecomponent 3 modules and the verification results are sent by the H(e)NB1305 to the SeGW 1310 to be forwarded to the PVE 1315 (0).

The H(e)NB 1305 may send an IKE_INIT message to initiate establishmentof the IKEv2 security association containing the security parameterindexes for cryptographic algorithms, version numbers, IKEv2 flags,Diffie-Hellman values and initiator nonce (1). The SeGW 1310 may send anIKE_INIT response to the IKE_INIT request message (2). The SeGW 1310 maychoose a cryptographic suite from the H(e)NB 1305 and completes theDiffie-Hellman exchanges. The H(e)NB 1305 may send it's certificate inthe IKE AUTH REQ for mutual authentication (3). It may also include theresults of the integrity verification in the form of a list of failedfunctionalities. If the local integrity verification is successful thenno such list of failed functionalities is included. In this case anempty list is sent. The relationship between components, modules andfunctionalities were described herein.

The SeGW 1310 may evaluate the authentication credentials of the H(e)NB1305 and extracts the list of the functionality ID's to be sent to thePVE 1315 if it is present (4). If the authentication evaluation issuccessful, then the SeGW 1310 indicates this to the H(e)NB 1305 (5 s).It may also sends its own certificate to the H(e)NB in the response. Ifthe authentication fails, then this is communicated to the H(e)NB 1305(5 f).

If the authentication is successful, and a list of failedfunctionalities was included in the IKE AUTH message, then the SeGW 1310forwards the list of the failed functionalities along with the H(e)NB IDto the PVE 1315 (6). If the list is absent, an empty list is sent to thePVE 1315. Based on the list of the failed functionality, the PVE 1315may decide on the actions to be taken, such as quarantine the device,provide full access, provide partial access, or optionally requestH(e)MS intervention for device remediation (7). If the PVE 1315 decidesthat that affected functionalities are not critical and therefore theH(e)NB 1305 may function, it indicates this decision to the SeGW 1310 toallow the device to access the network (8 s). The SeGW 1310 indicatesthe result of device integrity evaluations performed by the PVE 1315. Ifthe failed modules are not critical, then the PVE 1315 may allow theH(e)NB 1305 full access to the network (9 s). If the PVE 1315 decides,based wholly or partially on a received empty list of failedfunctionality, that the H(e)NB should be trusted enough forauthentication, then a state of ‘validation’ of the H(e)NB has beenobtained. In this sense, validation is interpreted as the decision madeby the PVE 1315 that indicates that the H(e)NB 1305 is trustworthyenough for further interaction with it from the network point of view.

If remediation is supported, then the PVE 1315 sends an indication tothe H(e)MS 1320 to start remediation for the device identified by theH(e)NB ID in the message (8 f_1). It may also include the list of thefailed modules. Based on the list of the failed functionalities and thedevice specific configuration data sheet, the H(e)MS 1320 decides on therequired firmware or software updates. If remediation is supported thenPVE 1315 may send an indication to the H(e)NB 1305 to prepare for theH(e)MS 1320 initiated remediation (8 f_2). Based on the response fromthe PVE 1315, the SeGW 1310 may restrict the access and inform theresult to the H(e)NB 1305 (9 f). The system reboots in FBC mode to startdevice initiated remediation (10). This step may be optional as thereboot may be handled by the H(e)MS 1320 using a TR069 protocol forremediation.

Described herein are H(e)MS and PVE discovery procedures for SAV. TheH(e)NB may be configured with factory default settings containing the IPaddress of the PVE, H(e)MS and OAM. They may also be reconfigured byH(e)MS using the TR069 protocol by using the SetParameter andGetParameter RPC method supported by the TR069 protocol as illustratedin FIG. 9. Note that the procedure may also be used to change theaddresses of the PVE. Additional parameter similar toManagementServer.URL parameter (PlatformValidationServer.URL) may bedefined to maintain the PVE URL at the H(e)NB. Similarly, the factorysetting of PlatformValidationServer.URL mat be preconfigured atmanufacture time and updated by TR069 subsequently.

Described herein are integrity methods and procedures for SAV. In SAVthe device integrity checks may be performed locally. The result of theintegrity checks may be passed to PVE in the form of list of failedfunctionalities. Therefore any of the integrity check methods describedherein may be used as shown for example in paragraphs [0038]-[0040]. Theintegrity checks are not performed by the network entity. Therefore, itmay be left to the manufacturer to decide the exact integrity method toutilize for validation. However, minimal security requirements may bestandardized, such as ‘the integrity method must provide equivalent orbetter security than SHA-1’.

Described herein are mechanisms that may be used for TRV certificatemanagement in SAV. The interfaces and messages for supporting SAV aredescribed first. The PVE-SeGW interface may use a using point-to-pointprotocol (PPP). PPP may provide support for authentication, encryptionand compression. Alternatively, transport layer security/secure socketlayer (TLS/SSL) may also be utilized.

There are multiple messages that may be sent over the PVE-SeGWinterface. For example, the H(e)NB Integrity Information message maycontains the list of the failed functionalities sent by the H(e)NB tothe SeGW in the IKEv2 NOTIFY message and extracted by the SeGW. Anexample of the contents of this message is shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Information Element Description H(e)NB ID Contains the Uniqueidentifier of H(e)NB or TrE ID. (Optional) List of All (Optional) Thislist is in TLV format and contains the list of Functionalities that wereall of the functionalities that were checked, thereby Integrity Checkedindicating the extent/scope of integrity checking performed on thedevice. This list would be sent only if the extent/scope of integritychecking is unknown to the verifier (e.g., PVE) in advance.(Alternative) Alternatively, and again optionally, a list offunctionalities that WERE NOT checked of integrity may also be sent,instead of the list of functionalities that WERE checked. Such analternative list may be smaller in size, if the list of uncheckedfunctionalities are shorter than the list of checked functionalities.This method would only work if the entire list of all functionalitiesthat CAN BE checked is already known to the verifier. List of FailedFunctionalities This list is in TLV format and contains the list of thefailed functionalities. The list may be empty if the H(e)NB reports thatno functionalities have failed. Note that the report is generated bytrusted and integrity verified code and therefore is believable due tothe secure start-up process. Nonce/Message Sequence Number Nonce ormessage sequence number is to associate request and responses.

The response to the H(e)NB Integrity Information message is theH(e)NB_Validation_Result which is shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Information Element Description H(e)NB ID Contains the Uniqueidentifier of H(e)NB or TrE ID. Nonce/Message Sequence Number Nonceprovided in H(e)NB_Integrity_Information to associate request andresponse. SeGW Action The actions the SeGW may perform include: 1. Allow complete access  2. Allow access to H(e)MS only  3. Quarantine 4. Disallow access H(e)NB Action These actions are forwarded to theH(e)NB in the IKEv2 NOTIFY message. The H(e)NB actions may be:  1. Fullaccess allowed (No Updates Needed, No     Errors Occurred)  2. Fullaccess allowed (Updates Scheduled, Severity 4     Error Occurred) 3. Partial access allowed (Updates Scheduled,     Severity 2 erroroccurred)  4. Access to H(e)MS only (prepare for immediate    remediation, Severity 3 Error occurred)  5. Shut down (Shut downwith local error code     display, administrator will personally fix the    system, Severity 1 error)

The PVE-H(e)MS interface may also be based on PPP since they are bothnetwork entities. Alternatively, TLS/SSL may also be utilized. In oneexample, the PVE and H(e)MS may be one entity. An example message overthis interface is shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Information Element Description H(e)NB ID Contains the Uniqueidentifier of H(e)NB or TrE ID. (Optional) List of All (Optional) Thislist is in TLV format and contains the list of Functionalities that wereall of the functionalities that were checked, thereby Integrity Checkedindicating the extent/scope of integrity checking performed on thedevice. This list would be sent only if the extent/scope of integritychecking is unknown to the verifier (e.g., PVE) in advance.(Alternative) Alternatively, and again optionally, a list offunctionalities that WERE NOT checked of integrity may also be sent,instead of the list of functionalities that WERE checked. Such analternative list may be smaller in size, if the list of uncheckedfunctionalities are shorter than the list of checked functionalities.This method would only work if the entire list of all functionalitiesthat CAN BE checked is already known to the verifier. List of FailedFunctionalities This list is in TLV format and contains the list of thefailed functionalities. The functionality IDs are described herein. Ifthe list is NULL then this may indicate that the H(e)NB passed allintegrity checks. H(e)MS Action Indication This indicates to the H(e)MSthat device integrity validation was performed and as a result H(e)MSmay perform some actions. The following actions may be performed: 1. Immediate Remediation  2. Schedule Remediation  3. AdministratorIntervention Required

Alternatively, the PVE may just send the list of the failedfunctionalities (or, optionally, also the list of either allfunctionalities that were integrity checked, or a list of allfunctionalities that were NOT integrity checked) and the H(e)MS decideson the action itself. This is shown in Table 10. The following actionsmay be performed by the H(e)MS: Immediate Remediation, ScheduleRemediation, and Administrator Intervention Required.

TABLE 10 Information Element Description H(e)NB ID Contains the Uniqueidentifier of H(e)NB or TrE ID also. (Optional) List of All (Optional)This list is in TLV format and contains the list of Functionalities thatwere all of the functionalities that were checked, thereby IntegrityChecked indicating the extent/scope of integrity checking performed onthe device. This list would be sent only if the extent/scope ofintegrity checking is unknown to the verifier (e.g., PVE) in advance.(Alternative) Alternatively, and again optionally, a list offunctionalities that WERE NOT checked of integrity may also be sent,instead of the list of functionalities that WERE checked. Such analternative list may be smaller in size, if the list of uncheckedfunctionalities are shorter than the list of checked functionalities.This method would only work if the entire list of all functionalitiesthat CAN BE checked is already known to the verifier. List of FailedFunctionalities This list is in TLV format and contains the list of thefailed functionalities. The functionality IDs are described in Sectionabove. If the list is NULL then this may indicate that the H(e)NB passedall integrity checks.

Described herein is a H(e)NB architecture and functionality with respectto SAV. The H(e)NB architecture may include an external TrE integritychecker. The H(e)NB's TrE may delegate the task of integrityverification of the components for which the task of integrityverification was a responsibility of TrE, to an external entity that maybe hardware and/or software implemented. Such a case may be used if theTrE is not fast enough or if it does not have enough resources toperform the device integrity checks. In such cases, the TrE verifies theintegrity and authenticity of the hardware and/or software entity whichwill be taking up the task of device integrity validation. After asuccessful verification, the TrE allows the external integrity checkerto perform the task and report the results and the measurement data toTrE.

The H(e)NB entity may have a local time server to provide time-stamps tovarious events, reports and communications with the network. Such a timeserver may use network time protocol (NTP) to sync up the time. The timeserver code and the NTP code may also be integrity verified before theyare executed by the TrE or the external TrE integrity checker.

The H(e)NB architecture may also provide binding of validation andauthentication. The binding between the validation and theauthentication may be provided by the IKEv2 session, in addition to themechanism used for binding of validation and authentication in the caseof AuV, i.e., release of sensitive keys and authentication functionalityonly upon the integrity check pass. The authentication certificate andthe result of the local validation in SAV may be sent in the IKEv2 IKEAUTH REQ message. The SeGW filters out the list of failed modules andforwards it to the PVE. If no such list is included in the message, itthen relays this information to the PVE. The PVE decides the futureactions and indicates the results to SeGW and in some cases to theH(e)MS.

In an alternative method of binding, the H(e)NB is pre-equipped with akey pair, of which the private part is stored securely inside the TrE ofthe H(e)NB and the public part is made available to the H(e)NB. Themanufacturer of the H(e)NB could generate this key pair and provisionthe private and public keys accordingly. To create a binding ofvalidation and authentication by cryptographic means, the H(e)NBencrypts the message (e.g., a IKE AUTH response message) that itreceives from a AAA server (in which the AAA server requests the H(e)NBto compute and send back to the AAA server a secret-based computedauthentication material) with the public key from the certificate andforwards the encrypted data to the TrE. The TrE then decrypts the dataand computes the secret-based authentication material (e.g., such as theEAP-AKA RES parameter if symmetric authentication is used, or AUTHparameter based on use of private key if a certificate basedauthentication is used) needed to verify the authenticity of theH(e)NB's identity to the AAA.

In an alternative method of binding, the keys and other sensitivecomputational capability of the TrE that are used by the IKEv2-baseddevice authentication application of the H(e)NB are not made accessibleto such application unless a successful local integrity check resultbecomes known to the TrE of the H(e)NB.

Described herein are the policy specifications stored in the H(e)NB andPVE. The H(e)NB Device Configuration File describes the policies thatare stored in the H(e)NB describing the attributes such as functionalityID, component ID and the module ID, which were described in detailedherein. The device configuration sheet is initialized at themanufacturer time. The procedure for initialization of this informationand subsequent updates for AuV were described herein and are applicableto the SAV case.

The PVE Policy Configuration File may contain a mapping between thefailed functionality and the SeGW actions, H(e)NB Actions, and H(e)MSactions. Based on the list of failed functionalities, the PVE may decideon the actions to be taken by H(e)NB, SeGW and H(e)MS. Table 11 definesthe actions.

TABLE 11 Failed Functionally Description H(e)NB Action SeGW ActionH(e)MS Action Secure boot Shut Down Quarantine Administrator loaderIntervention TrE Shut Down Quarantine Administrator InterventionIntegrity Shut Down Quarantine Administrator Validation InterventionEngine Fall Back Code Shut Down Quarantine Administrator InterventionOperating Shut Down Quarantine Administrator System Intervention H(e)MSPartial Access Allowed Allow complete access Schedule subsystemRemediation Uu interface Partial Access Allowed Allow complete accessSchedule Remediation Iuh interface Partial Access Allowed Allow completeaccess Schedule Remediation HGm Interface Partial Access Allowed Allowcomplete access Schedule Remediation HUt Interface Partial AccessAllowed Allow complete access Schedule Remediation S1-MME Partial AccessAllowed Allow complete access Schedule interface Remediation S1-Uinterface Partial Access Allowed Allow complete access ScheduleRemediation I2 (SIP) interface Partial Access Allowed Allow completeaccess Schedule Remediation Iu-CS interface Access to H(e)MS only Accessto H(e)MS only Immediate Remediation Iu-PS interface Access to H(e)MSonly Access to H(e)MS only Immediate Remediation E, Nc, Nb PartialAccess Allowed Allow complete access Schedule interface Remediation RUAservices Partial Access Allowed Allow complete access ScheduleRemediation HNBAP services Partial Access Allowed Allow complete accessSchedule Remediation HNB GW Partial Access Allowed Allow complete accessSchedule Discovery Remediation HNB Access to H(e)MS only Access toH(e)MS only Immediate Registration Remediation WTRU Access to H(e)MSonly Access to H(e)MS only Immediate Registration for Remediation HNBAccess control Access to H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS only Immediatemanagement Remediation Time Full Access Allowed Allow complete accessSchedule Management Remediation CSG Access to H(e)MS only Access toH(e)MS only Immediate management Remediation Mobility Access to H(e)MSonly Access to H(e)MS only Immediate Management Remediation NAS NodePartial Access Allowed Allow complete access Schedule selection functionRemediation Paging Full Access Allowed Allow complete access ScheduleOptimization Remediation Transport Access to H(e)MS only Access toH(e)MS only Immediate Address Mapping Remediation Charging Access toH(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS only Immediate Remediation Emergency Accessto H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS only Immediate Services Remediation QoSAccess to H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS only Immediate ManagementRemediation Local IP Access Access to H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS onlyImmediate Remediation Managed Remote Full Access Allowed Allow completeaccess Schedule Access Remediation HNB support for Full Access AllowedAllow complete access Schedule legacy CN Remediation Inbound Access toH(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS only Immediate Handover Remediation SupportRoaming Access to H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS only ImmediateRemediation SCCP Partial Access Allowed Allow complete access Scheduleconnectionless Remediation comm to MSC SGSN OAM subsystem Partial AccessAllowed Allow complete access Schedule Remediation Display Full AccessAllowed Allow complete access Schedule subsystem Remediation USIMsubsystem Access to H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS only ImmediateRemediation HPM subsystem Access to H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS onlyImmediate Remediation IMS Access to H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS onlyImmediate interworking Remediation IP-PABX interface Security Access toH(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS only Immediate Functions Remediation RABAccess to H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS only Immediate managementRemediation Radio Resource Access to H(e)MS only Access to H(e)MS onlyImmediate Management Remediation Iu Link Access to H(e)MS only Access toH(e)MS only Immediate Management Remediation Iu U-plane (RNL) PartialAccess Allowed Allow complete access Schedule Management RemediationIu-Coordination Partial Access Allowed Allow complete access ScheduleFunctions Remediation Provisioning Full Access Allowed Allow completeaccess Schedule Functions Remediation Hardware Shut Down QuarantineAdministrator Failure Intervention

Described herein are methods for supporting remediation in SAV. In orderto support remediation, the H(e)NB interacts with the H(e)MS. Thisconnection may be through the SeGW or directly over the internet usingTLS/SSL. If during the secure start-up process, the device integritycheck fails for stage 1 or stage 2 code, which are pre-designated by themanufacturer and contains the code necessary for authentication andcommunication with SeGW along with the code for TrE, then the FBC isexecuted and remediation is attempted.

FIG. 14 shows an example flowchart 1400 for SAV remediation involving aH(e)NB 1405, H(e)MS 1410 and a FTP server 1415. If device integritycheck fails and after RoT boots up using the FBC (0), the H(e)NB 1405sets up a connection (e.g., by use of a TCP connection) to thepre-designated H(e)MS server 1410 (1). An SSL initiation is thenperformed and/or TLS is then setup (2). The H(e)NB 1405 then invokes theRPC method Inform (e.g., a distress signal) with the H(e)MS 1410 (3).The distress signal may include a Device ID, an Event, MaxEnvelopes andCurrentTime.

The Device ID is a structure that may contain a manufacturer name;organizationally unique identifier of the device manufacturer (OUI); aProductClass that is utilized to indicate the class of product for whichthe serial number applies or may be utilized to indicate the serialnumber of the device in order to let the SerialNumber attribute to beutilized to indicate the TrE ID or the H(e)NB Id; and the Serial Numberfield that may be used to send the serial number of the particulardevice or may be used to send the TrE ID or the H(e)NB ID.

The Event field may contain the event code that caused the RPC methodInform to be executed. In order to adapt TR069 to SAV remediation, a newevent code (X_HeNB_FBC Invoked) may need to be defined to indicate thatdevice integrity check has failed and that FBC has been invoked to sendthis distress signal. The MaxEnvelopes value is set to 1. This value maybe ignored but is set to 1. The CurrentTime field is set to the value ofthe current date and time known to the H(e)NB 1405.

The Inform RPC method indicates to the H(e)MS that the device has failedthe integrity check and is connecting for initiating a firmware update.The H(e)MS then invokes the RPC method Upload to indicate to the H(e)NBto upload a list of failed functionalities and the manufacturer specificlist of error codes (4). These error codes may refer to the softwaremodules corresponding to the components that have failed the integritychecks or may contain debug specific error codes. The URL of the FTPServer 1415 where the file must be uploaded to is provided. Note thatthe FTP Server 1415 may be maintained by the manufacturer. The FTPServer 1415 may be the remediation server provided by the manufacturer.

The H(e)MS 1410 indicates to the FTP Server 1415 to prepare for uploadof the list of failed functionalities by sending the messagePrepare_For_Upload (5). The H(e)NB 1405 then invokes the HTTP/HTTPS/FTPSprocedures to upload the file containing the list of the failedfunctionalities (6). After reception of the file, the FTP Server 1415 orthe H(e)MS 1410 when the H(e)MS collects the uploaded file, evaluatesthe required patch or firmware/software update to fix the problems (6a).If the file containing the list of failed functionalities is uploaded tothe FTP Server 1415, after the evaluation of the required patch, the FTPServer 1415 sends the Download_Package_Ready message to the H(e)MS (7).If the H(e)MS had collected the uploaded file, then this message is notrequired. Alternatively, this message may also not be required if thefunctionalities of H(e)MS 1410 and the FTP Server 1415 are merged.

Alternatively, the information may be received directly from PVE andsteps 1 through 5 may not be needed.

The H(e)MS 1415 then invokes the RPC method Download and provides theURL of the location of the firmware or software and the deviceconfiguration data sheet (8). The following parameter values may be set.The CommandKey parameter is a string that may be used by the H(e)NB 1405to refer to a particular download and may be any string. It is used tocorrelate the download and the responses. The FileType parameter may beset to “1 Firmware Upgrade Image” for the firmware image and“X_<OUI>_data_sheet” for the Device Configuration data sheet. The URLparameter is the URL of the download file. HTTP and HTTPS must besupported. Support of FTPS may also be recommended for download. TheUsername parameter may be used by the H(e)NB 1405 to authenticate to theFTP Server 1415. The Password parameter may be used by the H(e)NB 1405to authenticate to the FTP server 1415. The FileSize parameter is thesize of the file to be downloaded. Other parameters may be set accordingto the TR069 protocol requirements.

The H(e)NB 1405 connects to the FTP Server 1415 and downloads thefirmware or software image and the device configuration data sheet (9).Upon successful completion of the download a DownloadResponse withStatus argument having a value zero (indicating success), or a faultresponse to the Download request (indicating failure) may be sent (10).The alternative procedures described herein may also be followed toindicate a successful or failed download.

After a successful DownloadResponse, the H(e)MS 1415 then invokes aReboot procedure in the H(e)NB 1405 (11). The RPC handler in the H(e)NB1405 resets the local distress flag and boots normally to perform thelocal integrity check procedures as indicated above (11 a). The signedpackage format may contain a reboot command, which is used to instructthe H(e)NB 1405 to reboot after the firmware or software is updated.

Optionally, a TransferComplete RPC method may be invoked from H(e)NB toindicate to H(e)MS that the procedure of firmware/software update hasbeen successfully completed (12). Note that alternatively, the SeGW maysend a message to the H(e)MS to indicate that the device hassuccessfully booted which may be interpreted by the H(e)MS as asuccessful firmware or software update complete message.

FIG. 15 shows a flowchart 1500 for an embodiment of SAV remediation bythe PVE. The procedure involves H(e)NB 1505, SeGW 1510, PVE 1515, H(e)MS1520 and FTP Server 1525. During the secure start-up process if thestage 1 code and stage 2 code passes the integrity check and is loadedand executed and authentication is performed successfully, then theH(e)NB 1505 may communicate with the SeGW 1510 send the result of localintegrity checks in the IKEv2 message (1). The H(e)NB 1505 sends a listof failed functionalities and the list of manufacturers specific errorcodes to the SeGW 1510 in the IKEv2 NOTIFY message 1600 illustrated inFIG. 16.

The SeGW 1510 may then send the results of the local integrity check ina H(e)NB_Integrity_Information message that may contain a list of failedfunctionalities and/or manufacturer specific list of error codes (2).Based on the received information, the PVE 1515 may respond with aH(e)NB_Validation_Result message to the SeGW 1510 that may include aSeGW action and H(e)NB action (3). The SeGW 1510 may forward the H(e)NBaction to the H(e)NB 1505 (5). The H(e)NB may prepare accordingly andmake preparations for remediation locally or take no action.

Based on the received information, the PVE may also send aH(e)NB_Validation_Result message to the H(e)MS 1520 that may contain alist of failed functionalities, manufacturer specific list of errorcodes, H(e)MS action(s) and H(e)NB ID (4). Based on the action sent bythe PVE 1515 to the H(e)MS 1520, the H(e)MS 1520 may schedule aremediation update or an immediate update. In both cases, the H(e)MS1520 sends the list to the manufacturer specific remediation FTP server.

The H(e)MS 1520 may forward the H(e)NB_Validation_Result message to theFTP Server 1525 that may contain a list of failed functionalities,H(e)NB ID, and manufacturer specific list of error codes (4a). The FTPServer 1525 may evaluate the firmware/software download files andprepare the download package (4b). The FTP Server 1525 sends aDownload_Package_Ready message to the H(e)MS 1520. If the H(e)MS 1520collects the uploaded file, then this message may not be required.

Alternatively, this message may not be sent if the H(e)MS 1520 and FTPServer 1525 are merged.

The H(e)MS 1520 then invokes the RPC method Download and provides theURL of the location of the firmware/software and the DeviceConfiguration data sheet (7). The following parameter values may be set.The CommandKey parameter is a string that may be used by the H(e)NB 1505to refer to a particular download and may be any string that may be usedto correlate the download and the responses. The FileType parameter maybe set to “1 Firmware Upgrade Image” for the firmware/software image and“X_<OUI>_data_sheet” for the Device Configuration data sheet. The URL isthe URL of the download file. HTTP and HTTPS must be supported. Supportof FTPS is also recommended for download. The Username parameter may beused by the H(e)NB 1505 to authenticate to the file server. The Passwordparameter may be used by the H(e)NB 1505 to authenticate to the fileserver. The FileSize parameter is the size of the file to be downloaded.Other parameters may be set according to the TR069 protocolrequirements.

The H(e)NB 1505 connects to the FTP Server 1515 and downloads thefirmware/software image and the device configuration data sheet (8).Upon successful completion of the download a DownloadResponse withStatus argument having a value zero (indicating success), or a faultresponse to the Download request (indicating failure) is sent to theH(e)MS 1520 (9). The alternative procedures described in TR069 may alsobe followed to indicate a successful or failed download.

After a successful download response, the H(e)MS 1515 then invokes aReboot procedure in the H(e)NB 1505 (10). The RPC handler in the H(e)NB1505 resets the local distress flag and boots normally to perform thelocal integrity check procedures as indicated above (10a).Alternatively, the signed package format contains a reboot command,which is used to instruct the H(e)NB 1505 to reboot after thefirmware/software is updated. A transfer complete may be sent to theSeGW 1510 after firmware/software update has been successfully completed(11). Alternatively, a TransferComplete RPC method may be invoked fromH(e)NB 1505 to indicate to H(e)MS 1520 that the procedure offirmware/software update has been successfully completed. In anotherexample, the SeGW 1510 may send a message to H(e)MS 1520 to indicatethat the device has successfully booted which may be interpreted by theH(e)MS 1520 as a successful firmware/software update complete message.

Described herein is an architecture and method for using SAV in aplatform validation and management (PVM) architecture. The PVM providesa systematic method to validate and manage devices, when they first tryto attach to a communication network and subsequent monitoring of deviceintegrity, relying in part on security technology from TrustedComputing. The PVM provides: 1) validating a device before networkconnection is allowed; 2) managing device configuration over-the-air(OtA); 3) secure start-up by checking RIMs on component load/start; and4) installing new RIMs on a device for configuration change—RIMingestion.

PVM may use the following terminology. The term “verification” may beused for the internal verification of device components during securestart-up, while the term “validation” is used for the whole process ofchecking a device by an external entity. Thus, an introduction of“internal” vs. “external” validation is avoided. Where verification isapplied in the usual sense of cryptographic checks or matching of data,this is explicitly noted so that no confusion should arise.

PVM uses at least a SeGW, PVE, and a DMS. Since the TrE in the deviceperforms the validation critical tasks inside the device, generally theTrE communicates with the other entities. While other components of thedevice, for example network interfaces, which are needed for thiscommunication are not necessarily an integrated part of the TrE, itshould be possible for the TrE to assess the integrity of thesecomponents to ensure end-to-end security.

The strict separation of duties requires that each entity is restrictedto its core tasks. For example, the SeGW builds the secure interfacebetween the (un)trusted device and the MNO's CN. It acts as barrier andnetwork access control and enforcement instance for the MNO's CN. Italso performs all security related functions which are necessary to actas such a barrier, including authentication, encryption/decryption ofcommunication with device, security association and sessionestablishment. The SeGW may be used as an example of a network entitythat builds the border between the MNO's CN and the outside world, suchas an external device. It may be possible to perform device validationusing PVM methods without the need of the SeGW. Doing so may include adirect connection of devices to the DMS using secured connections, suchas Transport Layer Security (TLS).

With respect to the PVE, it acts as the validation entity in the CN andperforms integrity validation. It receives integrity verification dataand checks if reported values are known and good. It issues statementsabout device integrity to other entities in the CN.

With respect to the DMS, it acts as the central entity for management ofdevice components including software updates, configuration changes, OTAmanagement and failure mode remediation. The DMS is, in taking up thisfunction based on platform validation, similar to an enhanced version ofthe H(e)MS.

In addition to the entities above, PVM also includes a RIM manager(RIMman). RIMman performs the following tasks including management andprovisioning of reference values for comparison in validation. It alsomanages certificates, in particular, ingestion of foreign RIMcertificates, verification of RIM certificates, generation of (operatorspecific) RIM certificates, and check of certificate validity by, forexample, revocation, time limits and trust relationships. That is, theRIM manager is the unique entity, which is authorized to manage thevalidation database (V_DB). The V_DB and RIMman are protected CNcomponents. Write access to the V_DB is limited to the RIMman only, sothat the PVE cannot write to the V_DB. The RIMman is of specialimportance with regard to security, because it manages the (SHO-CN)external trust relationships necessary for PVM.

The PVM also includes a Configuration Policy manager (CPman) thatperforms management and provisioning of device configurations. It alsomanages policies, in particular, ingestion of foreign configurations andpolicies, for example from a trusted third party (TTP) and generation of(operator specific) target device configurations and policies. That is,the CPman is the unique entity, which is authorized to manage theconfiguration policy database C_DB. The CPman is of special importancewith regard to security, because it manages the (SHO-CN) external trustrelationships necessary for PVM.

FIGS. 17A and 17B show examples of the minimum set of entities, theirrelationships and interfaces for PVM. Additional entities, such as theAuthentication, Authorization & Accounting (AAA) server and the wirelesstransmit/receive unit (WTRU) and their interfaces, are shown.

The PVM architecture or system 1700 of FIG. 17A includes a device 1705having a TrE 1710. A WTRU 1712 (or user entity (UE)) may be incommunications with device 1705 via an I-ue interface 1714. The device1705 communicates with a SeGW 1720 via an I-h interface 1715. Ingeneral, the interface I-h 1715 between the device 1705 and the SeGW1720 may be unprotected and special measures may be applied to securethis channel for authenticity, integrity and, optionally,confidentiality. I-h 1715 may be used to establish the link between thedevice 1705 and the SeGW 1720 and thus the CN. For example, the SeGW1720 may communicate with a AAA server via interface I-aaa 1775. Theoperator may have established appropriate measures to ensure thesecurity of the interfaces.

An I-pve interface 1722 may be used by the SeGW 1720 to contact the PVE1724 during validation. The PVE 1724 may use I-pve interface 1722 tosignal the outcome of validation to the SeGW 1720. The I-dms interface1730 may be used for device configuration related communication betweenthe DMS 1735 and the SeGW 1720. The I-pd interface 1732 may be used bythe PVE 1724 to communicate with the DMS 1735 and vice-versa. Thisinterface, the I-pd 1732, may be used during device managementprocedures, such as for device software updates and configurationchanges.

The interfaces I-v 1726 and I-d 1738 may be used by the PVE 1720 to readRIMs from the V_DB 1740 and by the DMS 1735 to read allowedconfigurations from the C_DB 1750, respectively. The interfaces I-r 1728and I-c 1734 may be used by the PVE 1720 to communicate to the RIMman1760, such as in case of missing RIMs in the V_DB 1740, and by the DMS1735 to communicate with the CPman 1770. The RIMman 1760 and the CPman1770 may use the interfaces I-rdb 1762 and I-cdb 1772 to read, write,and manage the validation of the database V_DB 1740 and theconfiguration policy database C_DB 1750, respectively.

FIG. 17B illustrates a PVM 1782 where the device 1705 may connectdirectly to the DMS 1735. When the device is a H(e)NB, the DMS 1735would be a H(e)MS as described herein earlier. For example, in the caseof a fallback mode in which the device 1705 is not capable of performingthe security protocols with the SeGW. In this case, the DMS 1735 may actas the point of first contact for the device 1705 via an interface I-dmsd 1784 and communicate with the PVE 1724 via interfaces I-pve 1786 andI-pd 1788 to perform a validation, or at least to get to know whichcomponents have failed during secure start-up. The DMS 1735 may act uponthis information for remediation.

As stated herein, PVM may use any version of validation. Describedherein is an embodiment of semi-autonomous validation (SAV) that workswith PVM. We focus on the advanced validation method of Semi AutonomousValidation (SAV). Advantages of this solution for SAV are further thatthe CN is protected completely from rogue devices. During SAV, aquarantine is effectively established by the SeGW. No direct threats areposed to PVE and DMS from the device, since they receive only datalimited to their tasks and only over secure connections with the SeGW,or established by the SeGW. The validation process in SAV does notrequire a direct communication between devices and any entity in the CN.Only after a successful validation using SAV, connections to the CN areallowed. This ensures that only devices in a proven secure state cancommunicate to entities inside the CN.

FIGS. 18A, 18B and 18C show a diagram of an example of a SAV validationmethod with a PVM infrastructure. The PVM infrastructure includes theentities described herein including a TrE 1805, a SeGW 1807, a PVE 1809,a DMS 1811, a V_DB 1813 and C_DB 1815. Following mutual authentication(1820), the TrE 1805 may collect some or all of the following data:device information such as Dev_ID, manufacturer, Device capabilitiesincluding, but not limited to, communications capabilities such as datarates supported, transmit power levels, signaling features and othercapabilities, TrE capabilities and properties including RoT;TrE_information including ID, certification info, manufacturer, buildversion, and optionally model, make, serial-no.; verification dataincluding 1) a list of failed functionalities of the device, and/or 2)platform configuration register (PCR) values; verification binding suchas signature over PCR values or the list of failed devicefunctionalities; ordered list of component indicators (CInd) tocomponents Clist and may include parameters for components; andtime-stamps (trusted or not) (1822). A validation message/data from theTrE 1805 to the SeGW 1807 may include the above date (1824).

SeGW 1807 shall check/compare timestamps received with local time todetect variations (1826). If the reported time-stamp does not match thelocal time, the SeGW acts according to the properties of the reportedtime-stamp. If the device's time-stamp is a trusted time-stamp and showsa variation, SeGW 18070 should trigger a revalidation of the TrE and itstrusted time source. In the case of a non-trusted time-stamp, the SeGW1807 adds its own trusted time-stamp to the message. If the device isnot capable of providing trusted time stamps, the SeGW 1807 may add atrusted time-stamp as a protection against replay attacks.

Upon receipt of this message, the SeGW 1807 may check if verificationbinding in the form of signature from a TrE is present (1828). Thisensures the authenticity of the verification data. The SeGW 1807 thencreates a PVM token (T_PVM) (1830) and applies a timestamp on the T-PVMbefore sending it to assure freshness and prevent asynchronous messageflows (1832).

SeGw 1807 forwards the T_PVM to the PVE 1809 (1834) which in turnqueries the V_DB 1813 using TrE-info (1836). If an untrustworthydetermination is returned to the PVE 1809 (1838), the PVE then applies atime stamp to the T_PVM (1840) and forwards it to the SeGW 1807 (1842).The SeGW 1807 sends a denial of device authentication to the TrE 1805(1844).

If a trustworthy determination is returned to the PVE 1809 (1846), thePVE queries the C_DB using Dev_ID (1848) which in turn returns aconfiguration policy (1850) to the PVE 1809. The PVE 1809 evaluates thepolicy configuration (1852).

If the PVE 1809 determines that the configuration is untrustworthy(1854), then the PVE 1809 modifies the T-PVM and applies a time stamp(1856). The PVE 1809 then forwards the T_PVM to the SeGW 1807 (1858),which in turn sends a denial of device authentication to the TrE 1805(1860).

If the PVE 1809 determines that the configuration is trustworthy andallows the configuration (1862), then the PVE 1809 retrieves the RIMsfor all entries in Clist or C_List from V-DB 1813 (1864). The PVE 1809recalculates the correct verification data from the RIMs (1866) andcompares the calculated verification data to the reported verificationdata (1868). In the case of SAV, the verification data calculated fromthe RIMs would be in the form of an ‘empty list’ of failedfunctionalities. The PVE 1809 then modifies the T-PVM and applies a timestamp (1870). The PVE 1809 then forwards the T_PVM to the SeGW 1807(1872). The SeGW 1807 inspects the T_PVM (or extracts from the T_PVM)for the PVE validation result (1874). The SeGW 1807 sends a denial orallowance of device authentication to the TrE 1805 (1876). If the PVEvalidation result is negative, then TrE 1805 performs a re-boot and doesa revalidation (1890).

Optionally, after the PVE 1809 compares the calculated verification datato the reported verification data (1868), the PVE 1809 may send a listof failed components to the DMS 1811 (1878). If the list of failedcomponents is not empty, then the DMS 1811 may determine that an updateof software or firmware may be applied (1880), and if so prepares theOTA updates (1882). The DMS 1811 also ensures that RIMs for the updatesexist in the V_DB 1813 (1884). The DMS 1811 sends the T_PVM with anindication for revalidation to the SeGW 1807 (1886) and a revalidationtrigger to TrE 1805 (1888). TrE 1805 performs a re-boot and does arevalidation (1890).

Details with respect to the processing in FIGS. 18A, 18B and 18C aredescribed herein. To perform platform validation, the TrE collects thefollowing data and communicates it to the SeGW: device information suchas Dev_ID, manufacturer, TrE capabilities and properties including RoT;TrE_information including ID, certification info, manufacturer, buildversion, and optionally model, make, serial-no.; integrity verificationdata (IVD) where an example of IVD may be signed platform configurationregister (PCR) values and another example may be simply a list ofcomponents or functionalities whose integrity has been checked by adevice-local integrity check process, and further has been assessed ashaving failed such device-local integrity checks; verification bindingsuch as signature over PCR values; Clist—which is an ordered list ofcomponent indicators (CInd) to components Clist and may includeparameters for components; The list of components will serve to identifythe RIMs for validation, for example, by pointing to RIM certificates,RIMcs. The ordered list of indicators to components and their parameterswould contain entries such as the following data fields: index,component_indicator CInd, component_parameters. CInd gives a referenceto the component and may be in URN format (for exampleURN://vendor.path.to/component/certificate). Optional: time-stamp (thiscould be a trusted timestamp, or a normal timestamp that may not benecessarily trusted in general).

In the case of the device, the validation message may additionallycontain device information, such as, ID, certification information,manufacturer, model, version, make, serial-no., TrE capabilities andproperties including RoT, security policies of devices, modules whichare integrity checked at different stages of a multistep process ofintegrity checking and post-checking component loading, HW build versionnumber, and optionally SW build version number and integrity measurementdata).

The use of RIMs for validation is a preferred but optional method forSAV. It is used here as the base case, from which other options departand deviate. For instance, there are validations without recalculatingverification data from RIMs, and there is even the possibility to do theperforming PVM completely without RIMs.

Verification binding may be optional if validation message is bound toauthentication by means other than those involving integrity of thedevice, e.g., by the presence and use of a secure channel.

SeGW may check/compare timestamp received with local time to detectvariations. If the reported time-stamp does not match the local time,the SeGW acts according to the properties of the reported time-stamp. Ifthe device's time-stamp is a trusted time-stamp and shows a variation,SeGW may trigger a revalidation of the TrE and its trusted time source.In the case of a non-trusted time-stamp, the SeGW adds its owntime-stamp to the message.

TrE_info may be optional. Dev_ID may give a reference to TrE_info. Sincenot all MNOs will know all TrE's, and thus all TrE_info data, such amapping may be provided by a database which may be queried by the MNOsto obtain the TrE_info for any given Dev_ID. TrE_info may be in aTrE_certificate. The TrE_certificate should be signed by the vendor ofthe TrE or a TTP, for example german BSI.

The use of URNs as indicators to components (CInd) is advantageousbecause it concurrently allows for this unique identification of acomponent and the location from where a RIM or a RIM certificate may befetched.

The SeGW creates a PVM token (T_PVM) that may be used as a rolling tokenand is passed from entity to entity during communication. Every entityputs a timestamp on the token before sending it to assure freshness andprevent asynchronous message flows. Time stamps on the token may be usedto provide a method to follow the state of the token. The token maytravel in the CN from entity to entity, even in several rounds, andtherefore may be tracked by the entities. Optionally, the entity ID maybe incorporated into the chain of time stamped data.

The T_PVM may contain the Dev_ID. If the original timestamp is notpresent or not trusted, the T_PVM may also contain a new timestampissued by the SeGW. Otherwise the T_PVM may contain the originaltimestamp from the validation message.

Timestamps may be used to protect against replay attacks. They may becombined with, or even replaced by nonces or monotonically increasingcounters. Timestamps may also be used to assess the freshness ofvalidation data. The combination of both purposes is advantageous andmay be provided by time-stamps.

In a first variant, for later device management by the DMS, T_PVM maycontain a communication secret for building a secure tunnel between DMSand TrE, for instance a TLS certificate.

The SeGW maintains a token database T_DB containing all active T_PVM.

The SeGW extracts the following data from the validation message:validation data, TrE info, and Clist. Before sending this data togetherwith the token T_PVM, the SeGW puts a timestamp on the T_PVM andforwards it to the PVE. The SeGW may check the format of the validationmessages and parts thereof to mitigate the threat from mal-formed dataattacks. Otherwise, an attacker may try to modify the data in thevalidation message of a compromised TrE such that the pure inspection ofthis data at the PVE would lead to a system error or failure.

The PVE is the entity deciding on the validity of a device. That is, inthe language of policy systems, it is a policy decision point (PDP).Under the strict separation of duty approach, it is the only PDP in thePVM system. It relies on SeGW and DMS to enforce policies, such as toact as a Policy Enforcement Point (PEP). PVM remains, in its generaldescription, agnostic to the question of how policies are generated andwhere they are stored/managed, such as, where PVE gets the policiesfrom. In some of the more detailed variants and subordinate methodsdescribed below (in particular parametric validation and minimalvalidation), some examples of policy conditions and actions are given.In general, decisions on the validation policy can be based not only onthe validity of single components but also on the other data containedin Clist. In particular, allowed parameter (range), and order of load(Clist is ordered) may be evaluated.

There are some fundamental classes of failure conditions that may occurin the validation process executed by the PVE. For example, failurecondition F1 indicates a “TrE invalid” scenario. By its authenticatedDev_ID and the delivered TrE info, the PVE identifies the device and/orits TrE as one which is not trustworthy. Note: Information that can beused to determine if the TrE may be invalid of not may be carried on theSAV validation message itself, or may be deduced from other messages orother means. In its basic form, the presence of a SAV validation messagemay implicitly indicate that the TrE itself must be valid. Details ofhow F1 may be detected are discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/718,480, filed concurrently, and entitled “Platform Validation andManagement of Wireless Devices”, which is incorporated by reference asif fully set forth herein.

Another example is failure condition F2 which indicates three scenariosfor “IVD Verification failure”. Scenario F2 a indicates integritymeasurement/verification data mis-match. It indicates failure of thesecure start-up process of the device, and/or presence of false and/orexpired RIMs and/or RIM certificates on the device, which then starts aninvalid component. Scenario F2 b indicates RIM Missing, i.e., a RIM fora component is missing and needs to be fetched from elsewhere. ScenarioF2 c indicates an expired RIM certificate.

Failure condition F3 indicates two scenarios for “Clist policy failure”.For scenario F3 a, single components are valid, but the configurationfails a policy, for instance on load order, or undesired components, orparameters. Scenario F3 b indicates configuration is unknown, such thata ‘known good value’ for Clist is not available.

Described herein is a method of detection and treatment of failurecondition class F2. For failure condition F2, the PVE fetches RIMs fromthe V_DB for all components from the received Clist. The validationdatabase V_DB only stores certified RIMs. The corresponding RIMcertificates have to be stored securely in the V_DB.

If the IVD is in the form of a simple list of “components of the devicethat correspond to components of the device that have failed localintegrity checking”, as described for the narrowly defined SAV proceduredescribed herein, then the IVD_ref will be simply in the form of a nulllist. That is, the IVD_ref should, in this case, be nothing more thanthe expected list of failed functionalities, which should be a nulltable if every component is expected to have passed device-localintegrity checking.

If the IVD_ref does not match the received IVD, the secure startupprocess on the device has been compromised or wrong RIMs are stored inthe device, and invalid components have thus been loaded in the securestart up process.

Depending on the F2 a policy, several options may apply upon detectionof a F2 a failure. In one option, rejection. The PVE signals the outcomeof the validation to the SeGW. SeGW may then deny network access or putthe device into a quarantine network. A second option is update. Afterreceiving the validation result (T_PVM) indicating the verification datafailure, the DMS starts a management process to replace the componentswhich failed validation. Details of such a remediation process arediscussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/718,480, filedconcurrently, and entitled “Platform Validation and Management ofWireless Devices”, which is incorporated by reference as if fully setforth herein.

If no policy failure condition is met, the device is valid. The PVEsignals this to the SeGW, which then allows connection to the CN.

For failure condition F2 b, where the RIM is missing, this could happeneither because the RIM may be missing in the V_DB, or it may be missingin the Device (so that, in this case, the device will not be able toperform the device-local integrity checking procedure). Details of howF2 may be detected and treated are discussed in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/718,480, filed concurrently, and entitled “PlatformValidation and Management of Wireless Devices”, which is incorporated byreference as if fully set forth herein.

Described herein are methods for the detection and treatment of failurecondition class F3. The F3 failure condition occurs if either singlecomponents are valid but the configuration of the components fails apolicy (e.g. loading order mismatch), or if the configuration isunknown, i.e., a ‘known good valud’ for Clist is not available. Detailsof how such a failure condition can take place and how such a failurecondition can be treated is discussed in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/718,480, filed concurrently, and entitled “Platform Validationand Management of Wireless Devices”, which is incorporated by referenceas if fully set forth herein.

FIG. 19 shows a Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless communicationsystem/access network 1900 that includes an Evolved-UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 1905 that may be used with aH(e)NB. The E-UTRAN 1905 includes a WTRU 1910 and several evolvedNode-Bs, (eNBs) 1920. The WTRU 1910 is in communication with an eNB1920. The eNBs 1920 interface with each other using an X2 interface.Each of the eNBs 1920 interface with a Mobility Management Entity(MME)/Serving GateWay (S-GW) 1930 through an S1 interface. Although asingle WTRU 1910 and three eNBs 1920 are shown in FIG. 19, it should beapparent that any combination of wireless and wired devices may beincluded in the wireless communication system access network 100.

FIG. 20 is an exemplary block diagram of an LTE wireless communicationsystem 2000 including the WTRU 1910, the eNB 1920, and the MME/S-GW1930. As shown in FIG. 20, the WTRU 1910, the eNB 1920 and the MME/S-GW1930 are configured to perform a method of H(e)NB integrity verificationand validation using autonomous and semi-autonomous validation.

In addition to the components that may be found in a typical WTRU, theWTRU 1910 includes a processor 2016 with an optional linked memory 2022,at least one transceiver 2014, an optional battery 2020, and an antenna2018. The processor 2016 is configured to perform a method of H(e)NBintegrity verification and validation using autonomous andsemi-autonomous validation. The transceiver 2014 is in communicationwith the processor 2016 and the antenna 2018 to facilitate thetransmission and reception of wireless communications. In case a battery2020 is used in the WTRU 1910, it powers the transceiver 2014 and theprocessor 2016.

In addition to the components that may be found in a typical eNB(including a H(e)NB), the eNB 1920 includes a processor 2017 with anoptional linked memory 2015, transceivers 2019, and antennas 2021. Theprocessor 2017 is configured to perform a method of H(e)NB integrityverification and validation using autonomous and semi-autonomousvalidation. The transceivers 2019 are in communication with theprocessor 2017 and antennas 2021 to facilitate the transmission andreception of wireless communications. The eNB 1920 is connected to theMobility Management Entity/Serving GateWay (MME/S-GW) 1930 whichincludes a processor 2033 with an optional linked memory 2034.

The SeGW and PVE, although not shown in FIGS. 19 and 20, in addition tothe components that may be found in a typical SeGW and PVE, may includea processor with an optional linked memory, transceiver(s), antenna(s),and communication ports. The processor is configured to perform platformvalidation and management functions to implement PVM methodology. Thetransceivers and communication ports are in communication with theprocessor and antennas, as needed, to facilitate the transmission andreception of communications.

Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purposeprocessor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, adigital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one ormore microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, amicrocontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs),Application Specific Standard Products (ASSPs); Field Programmable GateArrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC),and/or a state machine.

A processor in association with software may be used to implement aradio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless transmit receive unit(WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, Mobility ManagementEntity (MME) or Evolved Packet Core (EPC), or any host computer. TheWTRU may be used in conjunction with modules, implemented in hardwareand/or software including a Software Defined Radio (SDR), and othercomponents such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, aspeakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a televisiontransceiver, a hands free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, afrequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a Near Field Communication (NFC)Module, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organiclight-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, amedia player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and/orany Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or Ultra Wide Band (UWB) module.

Although features and elements are described above in particularcombinations, each feature or element can be used alone without theother features and elements or in various combinations with or withoutother features and elements. The methods or flow charts provided hereinmay be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmwareincorporated in a computer-readable storage medium for execution by ageneral purpose computer or a processor. Examples of computer-readablestorage mediums include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory(RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magneticmedia such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-opticalmedia, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatiledisks (DVDs).

1-44. (canceled)
 45. A method of obtaining capabilities informationabout a device connected to a communication network comprising:obtaining, at a network entity, device capabilities information for thedevice, the device capabilities information including information abouta Trusted Environment (TRE) of the device; and evaluating, at thenetwork entity, the device using the capabilities information.